Modem biologists favor the usage of the biotic population over the plant community or animal community. The study of the relationships of plants and animals forming a natural group is called ecology or synecology of the group. Each group consists of a series of many distinct species that survive year after year. Each plant species in a group is embodied by countless individuals. A population is generally defined as a group of people of the same genus. Thus, a population is part of a community and a community may be combined with communities of other species. Costing describes the community as “an association of living organisms with reciprocal relationships between themselves and the environment.” In his individualistic idea of plant association, Gleason (1939) proposed that an association is a complex of minor anomalies, all of which combine into a totality of obvious homogeneity. It is unvarying either in space or in time, which only to a rational degree has well definite region limits. This topic was explored by Pondeyar (1960, 1961) who proposed that a relation is a transient phenomenon that is permanent in space and with minor anomalies, both of which combine into a totality of obvious abstract homogeneity.
Composition of Community:
Community is characterized by the following points:
Diversity of species: Species diversity is demonstrated among different species of plants and animals living in a group. Dominants are considered the common abundant species, while uncommon species decide the diversity of species. Ratios between species number, biomass, and productivity provide useful community knowledge and are referred to as indices of species diversity. The word “biotope” is a distinctly distinguished region or a class of region with uniform ecosystem conditions and supporting characteristic vegetation type. The ecosystem material, ecological amplitudes of the organisms, physical, and biotic forces prevailing in the community locale decide the existence of the community in a given habitat.
Coexistence: Organisms that occur in a given environment do not function as pure societies in complete isolation but co-exist in cooperative adaptation. The societies that coexist are interrelated and they display certain kinds of contact. For example, the trees will survive just as well in a woodland ecosystem without the shrubs and herbs that grow under them. This partnership is in one direction. The partnership between plants and animals that pollinate them is in both directions.
Interdependence: All members of a society can live under the constraints of the world and are to some degree interdependent with each other. It is known as dependency. The forest trees are reliant on thallophytes, mosses, ferns, and several shade-loving herbs found on the forest floor because trees have shadow and moist conditions. When the forest trees are cut, the vegetation on the field will vanish.
The dominance of species: Not all a community’s animals are present in abundance. There are only a few species in abundance, either in number or in biomass (living weight), whereas other species are scarce. Dominants are known to be common plants that are widespread and produce optimum biomass. Dominant individuals affect the individuals associated with them.
Stratification: The plants have some kind of relationship with themselves, maybe trees, shrubs, herbs, mosses, lichens, and thallophytes in a plant group. More or less, these plants are from different strata or layers or stories on both vertical and horizontal planes. This is usually referred to as stratification. Individuals of multiple layers reflect various “life forms.”
Succession: Interacting communities are marked by their individuals’ frequent mortality and replacement and typically by immigration and emigration (one-way travel from home to other habitats). The structure and form of the group remain shifting in this manner. The changes in the neighborhood continue to take place until the neighborhood and the world has a full equilibrium. This is known as inheritance.
There are two competing ideologies surrounding the structure of the community:
Organismic view
Individualistic view
Clements (1916) advanced the organismic view. According to him, society is a kind of “superorganism,”, the highest stage in the development of the living planet, growing from cell to tissue, tissues, organ functions, animals, population, and society. The community is known as a superorganism because, under certain conditions, it evolves, reproduces itself, and functionally reflects a greater degree of integration than the actual plants and animals that make it up. H.A. Gleason first advanced the individualistic idea. Curtis (1958), McIntosh (1959), Whittaker (1951, 1952, and 1956), and many other ecologists helped Gleason (1926). This technique stresses that every prescribed composition or steady-state is not inherently achieved by any group. Species have been recognized as an essential unit in this because it is only the species that are directly involved in interrelationships and distribution, not the community. Species explicitly react individually to environmental factors. They are not tied together in collaborations. From one end of environmental conditions to the other, plants and animals display a scale or spectrum. The population is treated as a constant feature in this technique of community composition. The individualistic hypothesis assumes that, since each species has a separate, individualistic distribution along the environmental gradient, populations should typically lack distinct spatial borders. The distinctive hypothesis is usually settled upon through plant ecologists.
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