Food insufficiency is a term that the Federal government used to gauge food adequacy in several surveys. More recently, in 2020, the term was included in the Household pulse survey (HPS) of the Census Bureau to evaluate the well-being of Americans during the corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Food insufficiency refers to a situation wherein household members sometimes or often do not possess anything to consume. As it is much severe than food insecurity, food insufficiency does not focus on the hardships involved in procuring food. The HPS measures food insufficiency for seven days. In a marginal food-sufficient household, the members would have enough to eat but would not always have the type of food they wanted in the past seven days.
Food insecurity and food insufficiency are overlapping terms that denote different aspects of hunger in a household. While food insufficiency is a direct indicator of hunger amongst household members, food insecurity also considers the factors that lead to the insufficiency.
Food insufficiency trends in 2020
The HPS was conducted in three phases in April-July, August-October, and October-December of 2020. As the initial intention of the survey was to monitor well-being during the pandemic, to keep the survey burden to a minimum, only a single query item was included instead of the 10-question survey module followed by CPS-FSS.
The current population survey food security supplement (CPS-FSS) data holds the annual food security and insufficiency statistics. As per the 2019 CPS, 10.5 % of American households were categorized as food insecure, with 4.1 % experiencing very low food security. In the same year, about 3.7 % of American households were declared food insufficient, with 0.9 % facing very low food sufficiency. Thus, while food secure households were found to have food sufficiency, most low food security households were classified as marginally food sufficient.
The first phase of HPS revealed that 9.5 % of adults were food insufficient. The margin increased to 9.6% in the second phase of HPS. In December 2021, this further increased to 13.4%. Thus, very low food sufficiency remained between 1.8 and 3.4% from April 2020 to March 2021. Insufficiency was lower in households without children (8%) than children (14%).
The 2019 CPS-FSS and 2020 HPS statistics indicate a significant increase in food insufficiency with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the changing economy. The HPS also indicates that through the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, about 10% or 1 out of 10 households have sometimes or often not had enough to eat.
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