The presence of fungi and plants or animals together in a symbiotic relationship is very important and beneficial for each other. Lichens and mycorrhizae are some examples of the mutualism that exists between plant and fungi. Mycorrhiza is the relationship between fungi that live in the roots of vascular plants. It is a symbiotic relationship and is present in almost 90% of the plant species. The hyphae of the fungal mycelium form an intricate network and occupy an increased part of the soil, which helps in the absorption of water and other minerals in the soil. The plants depend on these nutrients that are provided by the fungus and in return give them photosynthetic products for giving them the energy to carry out their metabolism. There are different types of mycorrhizae such as ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Each of them has different ways of forming a symbiosis with the roots of vascular plants.
When fungus interacts and is closely associated with photosynthetic eukaryotic algae or a photosynthetic prokaryotic cyanobacterium, this interaction is called lichen. This is also a symbiotic relationship and they cannot survive unless they live together. These lichens can survive in any sort of habitats and climatic conditions. They can act as indicator species since they can be used to track how a habitat progresses and its health since they are sensitive to pollution. The fungal component in a lichen wraps its hyphae around the algal partner, protecting it from dry conditions and too much light and also by supplying them minerals. The algal photosynthetic partner supplies carbohydrates to the fungi, allowing it to use them as its carbon and electron source.
Mutualistic Relationships between Fungi and Animals:
Mutualism can also be seen as existing between fungi and various insects. Fungi use arthropods as a means to spread their spores, while in turn, the arthropods are given protection from their enemies and other harmful substances by the fungus. Some examples are the association of ants and fungi and the association between scale insects and basidomycota. In the association of leaf cutter ants with the fungi, the ants provide the fungi with a home while the fungi provide food for the ants.
Multi-cellular filamentous moulds, macroscopic filamentous fungi with huge fruiting bodies, and single-celled yeast are all the different types of fungi that exist in nature. Fungi have both beneficial and harmful roles to play in our environment. They can be used as a food substance (yeast to make baked goods and alcoholic drinks and mushroom as food); they can also be harmful and cause diseases in humans, plants, and animals (mildews and cankers in plants, ringworm and thrush in humans, and fungal infections in animals). When fungi act as decomposers, they do so with the help of certain enzymes that can help them to penetrate their hyphae deep into the organic matter they are going to decompose. Lignin and cellulose, which are tough plant substances, can be broken down by only fungi with the help of their special enzymes that are released from the tips of their hyphae. An example of fungi that can break down lignin is wood-decay fungi. However, when fungi parasitize on living trees and not the dead and decaying ones, then the tree eventually dies due to the digestion of their trunk and branches. An example of such fungi is the shelf fungi. A difference in between the roles of bacteria and fungi as decomposers is the fact that bacteria cannot penetrate deep into the organic matter the way fungi can by using their hyphae to obtain carbon and energy. Nutrient cycles are regulated due to the action of fungi. Many plants cannot obtain certain nutrients and trace materials from the atmosphere due to the existence of them in an insoluble form. Fungi take up the role for breaking down these insoluble organic materials by decomposition and in turn allowing their use by the plants, which are very essential for them.
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