The reproductive system is a genital system that involves several structures. The reproductive system is important for sexual reproduction. There are mainly two sexes (male and female) in the organism but other kinds such as hermaphrodite are also occur. Environmental action, genetics, and hormonal changes play important factors in sex determination and differentiation. Genetics is the prime reason for sex determination and factors play afterward. Gene plays an important role in the development of sexual phenotype. The presence of a specific chromosome makes it possible to express a specific gene that governs sex organ determination. The sex determination can be primary or secondary. The former is the determination of sex organs or gonads whereas, the latter is the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. Primary sex determination is based on gene expression and hence depends on the presence of a specific chromosome. The secondary sex determination is the phenotypic development of sexual characteristics under hormonal actions. Secondary sexual development occurs during adolescence. It separates both sexes and promotes sexual appearance and fitness.
Generally, the female has two same-sex chromosomes (XX) and the male has two different sex chromosomes (XY). The presence of the X chromosome is common in both males and females. The Y is strictly present in male-only.
The female produces two gametes (ovum), both are the same type and each contains an X chromosome. But male produces two different types of gametes (sperm) in which one contain an X chromosome and other contain a Y chromosome.
When male and female gamete fertilizes forms a zygote that develops to form embryo and fetus. The union of the X-chromosome of the mother and the X chromosome of the father produces an individual having two XX sex chromosomes and the child is female.
The female develops ovaries. In contrast, the union of the X chromosome from mother and Y chromosome father produce individual having XY sex chromosome and the child is male. The male develops testes.
The presence of the Y chromosome in mammals makes the baby male because it carries the gene for a testis-determining factor. In mammals, if a child bears XXXXY in the cell it would be a male child. In contrast, if a child contains only one X chromosome and no second X chromosome or Y chromosome then the child would be a female child.
Different Genes are Involved in Sex Organ Development in Male and Female
The genital ridge is the somatic cell that is the precursor of gonads in both sexes. It has great potential to form sex organs. It is a single primordium for organ formation which marks the initiation of sex organ development. It can either forms testes or ovaries depending on the type of gene expression.
The absence of the Y chromosome makes the gonadal primordia develop into ovaries.
The expression of genes LHX9 (LIM homeobox 9), SF1 (steroidogenic factor 1), and WT1 (Wilms’ tumor protein 1) is required for the genital ridge to convert into the bipotential gonad.
The bipotential gonad can convert into either a female sex organ or a male sex organ. The DAX1 and WNT4a genes convert the genital ridge into the ovary. The ovary has follicular cells and theca cells that produce estrogen.
The Mullerian duct forms female internal genitalia such as the uterus, oviduct, cervix, and upper vagina. The Wolffian duct degenerates in the female. The SRY (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome) and SOX9 gene convert the bipotential gonad into testes.
Testes have Sertoli cells and Leydig cells in which the expression of the SFI gene occurs. The Sertoli cells produce anti-Mullerian duct hormone that causes regression of the Mullerian duct. The testosterone is converted into the dihydrotestosterone hormone forms the penis and prostate.
Wolffian duct under the influence of testosterone forms male internal genitalia such as epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle. Testosterone inhibits the development of breast primordia.
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