Optic nerve Hypoplasia: The incomplete formation of optic nerves, which transmits signals from retina to brain, leads to the hypoplastic optic nerve defect. In some cases, optic nerve hypoplasia affects the central nervous system (CNS) of the brain. This congenital disability mainly develops during the first trimester of fetal development; it arises due to multiple factors such as genetics, maternal misuse of alcohol, and some drugs such as quinine and phenytoin.
Mammary Hypoplasia: It is also known as hypoplastic breast. It occurs due to the incomplete formation of breast and glandular tissue at the time of fetal development. The hypoplastic breast causes tubular, uneven, and thin breasts. In addition, mammary hypoplasia affects the normal functioning of the breast. Breastfeeding women with breast hypoplasia fail to secrete milk.
Enamel Hypoplasia: The Hypoplasia of the enamel is a congenital defect that affects the development of both deciduous and permanent teeth. The enamel thinning leads to small discolored teeth with grooves and other dental ailments. Hypoplastic enamel arises due to various causes such as inherited otodental syndrome, amelogenesis imperfecta, the mutation in the 22q11 chromosome, maternal deficiency of vitamin D, and drug abuse.
However, the causes of hypoplasia are primarily genetic and environmental factors, but, in most cases, the reasons for incomplete tissue formation are unknown.
Symptoms Associated with Different Hypoplasia
Hypoplasia is not restricted to a particular tissue, and it can arise in any tissue or organ. The symptoms vary according to the incomplete tissue formation of specific tissue or organ.
Symptoms of cardiac Hypoplasia include the following:
Decreased circulation of oxygen-enriched blood (due to hypoplastic right heart)
Rapid breathing
Lung edema
Stroke
Growth retardation
Arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythm)
Cyanosis (blue-stained skin and lips)
Optic nerve hypoplasia causes various symptoms as follows:
Misalignment of eyes
Restricted eye movements
Nystagmus (uncoordinated repetitive eye movements)
Symptoms of mammary Hypoplasia include the following:
Tubular breasts
Uneven breasts
Large gaps between both breasts
Lack of milk secretion in breastfeeding women
Enamel Hypoplasia causes numerous symptoms as follows:
Small teeth
Discolored or white marks on teeth
Presence of lines and grooves on teeth
Sensitivity
Susceptibility to dental decay and other bacterial infection
Treatment and Management
Appropriate treatment strategies are devised based on the type of tissue affected and the severity of structural and functional incompetence of the incomplete tissue formation. There exist no exact treatment for most types of hypoplasia; in such cases, the treatment plan focuses on managing the symptoms to improve the quality of life. The treatment and management range from medication to surgical interventions.
Some common treatments for the hypoplastic heart are as follows:
Implantation of a shunt, a tubular structure to enhance the to and fro flow of blood between heart and lungs.
Surgically connecting either superior or inferior vena cava to the pulmonary artery to direct blood flow into the lungs is highly efficient in treating hypoplastic heart.
Certain medication and nutritious baby formulas are prescribed for better treatment and symptom management.
Incomplete enamel tissue formation is managed by the following ways:
Using dental fillings to fill cavities and repair broken teeth.
Employing resin sealants and filling to improve sensitivity.
Teeth whitening is utilized for compensating discolored teeth.
Incomplete tissue formation of the breast is managed through the following ways:
Breast mammoplasty or breast augmentation for enhancing the size and evenness of the breasts.
Transferring fat from other fat-rich body parts such as thighs and buttocks to reconstruct the breast.
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