Four methods that determine the population size cycles, directly and indirectly, are sampling, observing, recapturing, and mark studies. In small mammals, the population size varies at the year of 3-5. And, the size varies in red grouse between 6-9 years. In snowshoe hares and forest Lepidoptera, it varies between 8-11 years. The cyclic period is related to the generation numbers. Asymmetric is the main characteristic feature of cyclic dynamics. Because here increased phase is longer than the decline phase. The increased phase and decreased phase of length and degree variation are caused by varying amplitude and periodicity cycle.
Causes of population size cycles:
Many causes reducing the population size cycles. It may be due to biotic or abiotic limits.
The increasing amount of predators and the arrival of new diseases or habitat loss create these problems that reducing the level of populations. And some other causes are increases too large for resourcing that requires for its support.
The high reproductive rate increases the population size and density mortality rate slows the population size or stops the increasing population.
The condition prolonged negative delays the population size cycle from its recovery.
In the case of mechanism, density-dependent mortality becomes nonlinear during cyclic dynamics. And, in contrast, if the density-dependent mortality is linear, it produces cyclic dynamics for proceeding delayed process.
Stress and food limitation reduces the reproduction of population size.
Biotic factor:
Biotic factors include food availability which means how much amount of foods available for a particular species and how many organisms using the amount of food. The equalization between the food and organisms creates the biotic factor.
Abiotic factor:
Abiotic factors are determined with the help of space, water, and climate in between the species population.
Carrying capacity of population cycle:
The equal amounts of birth and death determine the carrying capacity of the population. And, it depends on the factors biotic and abiotic since the improving factors increase the carrying capacity. By the way, the carrying capacity getting reduces if the factor becomes low. The exceeding carrying capacity uses the resources faster than normal.
Factors influencing population size cycles:
Population undergoes cyclical oscillation within the population size cycle and the continuous oscillations increases or decrease the population size. Usually, the interaction between the two species produces oscillation and some other factors that influence the oscillations. The factors are predation, infections from parasites, and some fluctuations in the availability of food. The most common one is the erratic variation number because that is common than the regular cycle fluctuations. A high amount of unpredictable number increases can be seen in some populations. In such cases, the amount increases temporarily by 10 or 100 times more for few years. For example, the multiplication of locusts occurs rapidly and the insect gypsy moths also rising rapidly. Some other population-level varies within compact limits. And, some other species fluctuating more closely and some others fluctuations are below the level. Other factors include predators and parasites. The predators, parasites, and grazers are contributing their work in the new environment and maintaining more amount of population size, even if it is available in a very small size. Some controlling programs are used for controlling species proliferation biologically.
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