253 fell into a period of severe conflict in 2002-2007; experience, is leadership the key, or is it underlying many lives were lost, and resources continue to institutions? Or popular movements? Education? be diverted into managing the problems, with Imported ideas and technology? These remain en- perceptions of prospects still damaged. French during questions, and answers may depend on lo- military involvement reflected France’s ongoing cal circumstances. unique relationship with CIV. In contrast, Ghana As an examination of just two countries to illus- has so far remained stable. Why? And can it trate more general evidence in the literature, it can- continue to remain stable? It remains to be seen not be concluded beyond doubt that institutions set how well Ghana comes through its recent discovery up by Britain in Ghana and France in Côte d’Ivoire and production of oil. In principle, new resources had a dominant effect on the successes and failures can help reduce poverty, directly and indirectly. But of these nations in subsequent poverty reduction for many countries, a “resource curse” has resulted and economic growth. But there is support for fac- from political conflict over resource revenues, and tors identified in the large-sample statistical studies an overspecialized or even “hollowed out” economy introduced in Chapter 2, notably institutions, in- (see Chapter 14). equality, and at least indirectly education. Colonial Business scholars emphasize company leadership. institutions apparently had negative effects, and Have leadership differences mattered for develop within colonization the degree of decentralization ment of these countries? Socialist Kwame Nkrumah under colonial rule apparently also mattered.
The constructively supported education but diverted re-reemergence of more decentralized governance in sources from cocoa exports to local industry, leading Ghana since 1992 may be related to less damaging to economic disaster; under duress, socialist Jerry British governance practices in this respect. At the Rawlings embraced market-oriented policy reforms same time, history was not destiny; Ghana has that led to short-term pain but long-term gain. Sub- made progress not well predicted by instruments sequent leaders have been pragmatic and at least for colonial institutions. Nor are things necessarily done relatively little harm and perhaps some good. bleak for CIV. Institutions and inequality are highly CIV’s capitalist President Felix Houphouet-Boigny, resistant to change. But the global trend is toward backed by France (“Françafrique”), seemed early on continued progress on human development, and to be leading his country to economic success but other African nations such as Rwanda have made stole billions from the public purse and led the enormous economic strides that were very difficult country to ruin while clinging to power for 33 years to imagine just a few years earlier. Meanwhile, the until his death in 1993. Subsequent leadership has standoff following contaminated presidential elec- impressed few observers. Of course extraordinary tions in 2010 confirmed that institutions remained leadership in government or of civil society can weak in CIV. The optimistic reading was that this play a decisive role in the course of development time the international community could play a con- think of Nelson Mandela in South Africa, or structive role in facilitating improvements in the Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh. But in ordinary underlying institutions. Sources The authors would like to thank Gina Lambright, David Adjibolosoo, Senyo. “Ghana at fifty years old: A critical Shinn, and Jennifer Spencer for their comments on the review of the historical genesis of why Ghanaians are first draft of this case study, and Andrew Klein and where they are today.” Review of Human Faclur Studies. Kevin Salador for their research assistance. 13 (2007): 6 40. Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robin- son. “The colonial origins of comparative develop- Alesina, Alberto, and Eliana La Ferrara. “Ethnic diversity ment: An empirical investigation.” American Economics and economic performance.” Journal of Economic Litera- Review 91 (2001): 1360-1401. ture 43 (2005): 762_800. 255 Development Policies much higher price, and technical assistance was of- Policies in Ghana Both nations started as (and still fered, output greatly increased particularly in two are) largely agrarian economies, with over half of spurts in the late 1980s and early 2000s. Fertilizer the labor force working in rural areas.
But the Lise and improved varieties have diffused among two countries have had somewhat different policy farmers (diffusion in Chana for the case of pineap- trajectories. The general scholarly view is that in ples is examined in Findings Box 9.1 in Chapter 9). the first quarter century after independence, Ghana Cocoa growing now provides a basic livelihood for chose many poorly conceived and often corrupt over 700,000 farmers in Ghana. interventionist policies. Early policies have been In contrast, CIV experienced relatively faster described as oriented toward urban industry, with growth in the 1960s and 1970s and then decline from import substitution to replace manufactured imports 1980 to present (recently more pronounced due to with locally produced ones (see Chapter 12). One civil conflict). Institutions that appear to perform policy associated with the early rule of Kwame serviceably for two decades can have underlying Nkrumah through 1966 was an emphasis on basic weaknesses that later emerge-for example politi- education, which may have left an enduring legacy cians treat weaknesses as a political opportunity or through difficult subsequent swings. After disastrous the system proves to have too little flexibility as new policies and extreme instability including coups in challenges emerge. the mid-1960s to early 1980s, Ghana underwent a policy transformation to become a favorite country of Policies In Côte d’Ivoire CIV, in contrast, is widely liberalization promoters in the World Bank and viewed as having started down a more market- elsewhere in the 1980s. A reason given for large-scale based, export-oriented path in a way that should reform in Ghana (and in explaining other countries as have helped the rural agricultural sector, where well) is that things got so bad that there became no most of the population and most people living in choice but to embrace reform; naturally, when poverty were located. But this did not prevent elites according to local conditions things become so bad from extracting what they could from the rural that continued resistance to change is futile, something areas. In fact, there were a number of policy lurches. changes—perhaps not always for the better. Ghana An apparently favorable tactic may have been an became a classic example for proponents of the early policy of effectively trying to keep all the controversial view that duress “causes” reform. A ethnic groups engaged in and benefiting from criticism, to paraphrase Dani Rodrik, is that it is not growth in the national economy. There were large clear how much duress is enough to “cause” reform; migrations into CIV, for example, including the and as a result, it is not very convincing when forced labor brought into CTV from Burkina Faso analysts simply claim that a reform did not happen Upper Volta) by the French in the carly 1940s. A because the situation must not have been bad more ethnically based politics in the late 1990s is enough. By the early 1990s, World Bank analysts such viewed by specialists in the politics of CIV as as Ishrat Husain were pointing to Ghana as a country helping precipitate the disaster of regional and that had been doing a better job at following and ethnic conflict in the 2000s. Besides colonial rule implementing more of its recommended market having strongly negative effects, close Côte d’Ivoire friendly policies than countries such as Côte d’Ivoire dependence on one nation (France) may have been a The development process is complex and rarely development over the long run. For Ghana, diver- hindrance to its growth and economic and political proceeds linearly. In Ghana, there was relative dete- rioration from independence until the early 1980s; sification of foreign relationships is one of the can- much of its economic growth took place from the didates for explaining its relative success. mid 1980s to the present. For example, cocoa had long been an important part of Ghana’s economy, Enduring Questions By 1990, Ghana was already but it went into decline when state marketing being deemed a “success story” by the World Bank boards (described in Chapter 9) limited the price and others. Is it because the nation followed the farmers received for cocoa, so as to subsidize indus- right policies? But even if so, what explains why trialization.
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
