Plants have evolved a precise mechanism that helps in the uptake of micronutrients from the environment when present at low ppm levels. The plant roots are capable of producing chelating agents at low levels from the soil. Plants also help in the uptake, storage, and translocation of toxic elements through phytoremediation. All plants take up micronutrients in low quantities. Some plants can take-up heavy metals in large quantities. Such plants are known as hyperaccumulators. During the evaporation of water from leaves, plants absorb water from the soil, and through this, toxic metals enter the shoot of the plant. This helps the plants to remove wastes from the soil and clean it. Hyperaccumulators help in maintaining high biomass. Heavy metal uptake by the plants takes place through several mechanisms such as phytoextraction, phytostabilization, rhizome-filtration, and phytovolatilization.
Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation is a process that helps in the removal of toxic contaminants from the air, water, and soil and making the environment less toxic. It is a traditional process that helps in lowering the toxicity.
Phytoextraction
Phytoextraction is the ability of the plants or algae to remove contaminants from the soil and water. The roots are capable of taking up substances from the soil and harvesting them. The organisms that are capable of taking up contaminants are known as hyperaccumulators. Phytoextraction can be performed by the plants that help lower the soil’s level of pollutants and increase the biomass. The toxins obtained from the soil are concentrated to a small volume in the plant matter and segmented into the contaminated soil region.
Phytodegradation
Phytodegradation is a process through which plants on microorganisms take up the pollutants from the soil. The pollutants are broken down with the help of enzymes that are secreted by the roots. The molecules are then taken up by the plant and released through the process of transpiration. The transformation of toxic materials into metabolic components results in inactivation, immobilization, and degradation of the toxic materials. Phytotransformation results in the breakdown of compounds into simpler molecules. These molecules are known as xenobiotic molecules. The enzymes present in the plants can increase the uptake of xenobiotics by adding functional hydroxyl groups. Amino acids and glucose are added to the xenobiotic molecules to increase the polarity. This increased polarity of the molecules helps in the uptake of xenobiotic molecules from the aqueous channels. The xenobiotics are now sequestered in the plant. The xenobiotics help in polymerizing lignin-like substances and help develop complex structures that can be safely sequestered inside the plant. The functioning of the plant is not affected during this process.
Phytostimulation
Phytostimulation is the plants’ ability to enhance the soil microbial activity and help in the degradation of contaminants from soil. This process occurs in the region of the roots.
Phytovolatilization
Phytovolatilization helps in the removal of toxic substances from the air and water. It makes the environment less polluted. The plant takes up the contaminants from the soil and releases them through transpiration and evaporation.
Rhizofiltration
Rhizofiltration is a process of removing excessive nutrients or toxic substances with the help of roots. This process helps in the removal of toxic substances from the water in the soil.
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