Radioactive decay rates are used to estimate the ages of many artifacts. These are done by radiometric dating techniques.
The age of Earth can be determined from the natural radioactive series. The natural radioactive series generally starts from atoms with large half-lives like uranium, thorium and end in different isotopes of lead. For instance, _{92}^{238}{\rm{U}}
92
238
​
U gradually decays into _{82}^{206}{\rm{Pb}}
82
206
​
Pb, which is stable. The uranium ore has a stable isotope of lead, which is _{82}^{206}{\rm{Pb}}
82
206
​
Pb. Considering the decay rate to be constant, it is possible to apply the radioactive decay laws to estimate the initial time of uranium decay. In this technique, the present ratio of uranium and lead atoms are used. The start of the decay processes can be used to further determine the age of Earth.
The radiometric dating processes are also used to estimate the ages and chronology of rock formation and fossils. It has helped scientists to date very old processes in Earth in a chronological sequence. One such dating process is carbon-14 dating.
Radioactivity in Life Sciences
Radioactive isotopes are very commonly used in medical science since the radiation emitted by the isotopes can be used to kill harmful cells like cancer cells. Some significant uses of different radioactive elements are:
Iodine-131: This is used in the treatment of thyroid cancer mostly. It is also used in the diagnosis of abnormal liver function and urinary tract obstruction, to determine cardiac output, plasma volume, etc.
Phosphorus-32: This isotope is used to detect malignant tumors as malignant cells accumulate phosphate more than healthy cells.
Cesium-137: This is widely used for the treatment of cancer. Through the followed technique, cancer cells are targeted to destroy using radiation and the damage to healthy cells is minimized.
Technetium-99: It is used in radiographic scanning to image and study the anatomical structure of different organs.
Iridium-192: This is used as an internal radiotherapy source for removal of malignant cells.
Although radioactive elements are widely used in medicine, there are many risks in such treatments. Often excessive radiation can cause damage to healthy cells and tissues. Proper precaution must be taken in treating such diseases.
Radioactivity in Industrial Purposes
Due to the high penetration power of radioactive emissions, radioactive isotopes are widely used in industry for different purposes. Also, they are used as power sources since huge amounts of energy are released in radioactive decay.
Radioactive elements are used as power sources in various nuclear reactors.
Radioactive isotopes are used for preservation in the food industry and for sterilizing substances.
Microorganisms that cause damage to food are often destroyed using radiation, keeping the vitamins and other necessary cells intact.
Because of the high penetration strengths of radioactive emission, the emitted rays are used to gauge the depth and density of various metals.
Radioisotopes are often used as tracers to detect leakages in complex pipe systems or detect abnormalities in ocean currents.
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